输入数据精度与准确性对SWAT模型模拟的影响

以潮河流域为研究区域,利用潮河流域1990~2013年监测数据,构建SWAT模型,在模型结构和参数不改变的情况下,探究输入数据精度（DEM分辨率）与准确性（降水插值）对径流和总氮模拟结果影响.结果显示：DEM分辨率变化（30~300m）对径流及总氮模拟效果不同,对径流模拟影响不明显,纳什系数（ENS）和R²可达到0.87以上;对总氮模拟结果影响较大,分辨率越精细,模拟效果越好.不同水文年,DEM分辨率变化对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年对总氮负荷影响较大,负荷量差异较为明显,枯水年影响相对较小;不同DEM分辨率下,年均（1993~2002年）总氮负荷强度空间分布相似,高负荷区均位于潮河中游,潮河上游及下游的负荷强度相对较低.不同降水输入数据站点分布、站网密度和准确性不同,流域内降水空间分布差异显著.总体上,基于站点较少的气象站插值数据与雨量站实测降水数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较为接近;基于SWAT官方雨量站插值数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较差.不同降水数据输入情景下,模拟的总氮负荷强度模拟的空间分布差异明显;降水量分布较高的区域,负荷量也较高;不同水文年下,不同降水输入对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年和枯水年,基于气象站插值数据的总氮模拟结果与基于雨量站实测数据的模拟结果较为接近,而基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟误差较大;平水年,基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟结果较气象站插值数据的模拟结果更好.该研究可为流域开展模型构建提供科学参考和借鉴.     

喀斯特小流域河流溶存甲烷浓度时空变化特征

以宜昌境内喀斯特河流下牢溪为研究对象,通过对流域内15个采样点为期1a间隔约2周1次的水量、水质及CH₄浓度同步监测,探讨河流溶存CH₄浓度时空变化规律及影响因素.结果表明：下牢溪溶存CH₄浓度变化范围为0.002~1.492μmol/L,全年平均浓度0.133μmol/L,整体表现为大气CH₄的源.河流溶存CH₄浓度呈现夏秋高、冬春低的变化特征,主要受温度驱动.雨季CH₄浓度受温度和降雨共同调控.温度越高,产生流量稀释效应的降雨量阈值也越大.下牢溪CH₄浓度空间分异性显著,小型拦水坝前浓度最高,最低值出现在河底坡降较大的天然峡谷型河道.人为活动不同程度的提高了相应河段的CH₄浓度水平,是小流域CH₄浓度空间分布格局的重要影响因素.流域CH₄浓度空间分布无明显时间稳定性特征,这可能与陆源输入及水平、垂向输出等动态因素有关,实施全流域采样监测对小型河流碳排放估算十分必要.     

A Fish-Based Index of Biotic Integrity to Assess Intermittent Headwater Streams in Wisconsin, USA

I developed a fish-based index of biotic integrity (IBI) to assess environmental quality in intermittent headwater streams in Wisconsin, USA. Backpack electrofishing and habitat surveys were conducted four times on 102 small (watershed area 1.7–41.5 km²), cool or warmwater (maximum daily mean water temperature ≥22 C), headwater streams in spring and late summer/fall 2000 and 2001. Despite seasonal and annual changes in stream flow and habitat volume, there were few significant temporal trends in fish attributes. Analysis of 36 least-impacted streams indicated that fish were too scarce to calculate an IBI at stations with watershed areas less than 4 km² or at stations with watershed areas from 4–10 km² if stream gradient exceeded 10 m/km (1% slope). For streams with sufficient fish, potential fish attributes (metrics) were not related to watershed size or gradient. Seven metrics distinguished among streams with low, agricultural, and urban human impacts: numbers of native, minnow (Cyprinidae), headwater-specialist, and intolerant (to environmental degradation) species; catches of all fish excluding species tolerant of environmental degradation and of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) per 100 m stream length; and percentage of total individuals with deformities, eroded fins, lesions, or tumors. These metrics were used in the final IBI, which ranged from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The IBI accurately assessed the environmental quality of 16 randomly chosen streams not used in index development. Temporal variation in IBI scores in the absence of changes in environmental quality was not related to season, year, or type of human impact and was similar in magnitude to variation reported for other IBI's.     

COMPARISON OF HSPF OUTPUTS USING FTABLES GENERATED WITH FIELD SURVEY AND DIGITAL DATA1

ABSTRACT: The Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF) describes discharge from a stream reach based on function tables (FTABLES) that relate stream stage, surface area, volume, and discharge. For this study, five FTABLE scenarios were compared to assess their effect on daily discharge rates predicted using HSPF. Four “field‐based” FTABLE scenarios were developed using detailed cross section surveys collected at predefined intervals along 14 reaches in the study watershed. A fifth “digital‐based” scenario was developed using digital elevation models (DEMs) and Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves. The Smirnov k‐sample test was used to compare average daily discharge rates simulated with HSPF using the five FTABLE scenarios. No significant difference in simulated stream discharge was found (p = 0.99) between the five FTABLE scenarios. Additional examination of the four field‐based scenarios revealed that the number of cross sections per stream reach used to generate FTABLES had little effect on the resulting stage discharge relationship. These findings suggest that FTABLES generated using digital data are a viable option when simulating stream discharge with HSPF and that if field data are used to generate FTABLES, using fewer cross sections will not adversely affect simulated discharge predictions.     

基于流域单元的营养盐输出与景观异质性影响研究

选择太湖上游西苕溪流域,利用GIS、RS及景观生态方法进行小流域划分和流域景观异质性分析,基于改进的输出系数模型估算小流域营养盐输出,并对流域单元主要景观类型空间异质性及多样性指数与营养盐输出的关系进行了分析.结果表明,西苕溪各小流域TN、TP输出强度变化范围分别为3.01～15.44 kg/(hm2.a)与0.049～0.355 kg/(hm2.a),营养盐输出水平空间差异性明显;小流域单元优势景观类型与营养盐输出关系明显,小流域林地面积增加10%,TN、TP输出强度分别降低0.203 1、0.015 2 kg/(hm2.a);小流域耕地面积增加10%,TN、TP输出强度分别增加0.572 6、0.027 3 kg/(hm2.a);西苕溪小流域景观多样性指数与氮磷输出水平关系呈二次多项式关系,营养盐输出强度随着SHDI增大而增大,当SHDI为1.5时,输出强度达到最大值,然后随着SHDI增大而降低.研究结果将为流域非点源污染治理提供参考.     

农村生活污水与小流域水环境协同治理的规则型构——基于临沂“兰山模式”的实践样本

如何对农村地区的流域水环境进行高效而低成本的治理,是当前农村资源环境治理面临的挑战之一。本文以山东临沂市兰山区柳青河水环境污染治理作为典型案例,从规则型构视角剖析行动规则对"兰山模式"的作用机制。其中,边界规则打破了农村生活污水与小流域水环境资源治理的边界,企业等新行动主体的资金、技术的溢出效应提高了治理效率;身份规则改变了行动主体的参与动机,加强了多方主体间的交互作用;选择规则减少了多方治理主体的责任冲突;聚合规则弥补了农户在环境治理中的缺位。在四项行动规则的共同作用下,"兰山模式"实现了农村生活污水与小流域水环境的协同治理,是农村水环境治理的实践样本。     

太湖典型丘陵水源地水质时空变化及影响因素分析——以平桥河流域为例

基于太湖流域典型丘陵水源地平桥河流域12个采样点的水质监测数据,综合运用聚类分析和主成分分析法对平桥河流域水质时空变化及影响因素进行分析。聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将平桥河流域水质分为枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个季节时段和中上游丘陵河谷区、下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区、下游暗沟出口区3个典型空间区域。主成分分析显示:(1)枯水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷和有机污染次之,受流量减小、流速缓慢导致的营养盐富集的影响加大;平水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷污染次之,受茶园等大量施肥导致的农业面源污染的影响;丰水期水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,受到水稻种植等农业活动和大量降雨径流的影响。(2)中上游丘陵河谷区水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到茶园种植等农业活动导致的面源污染的影响;下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区水质以氮和磷的污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到居民生活污水和农业生产的影响;下游暗沟出口区水质以氮污染为主导因素,有机污染和磷污染次之,受到生活污水、农业生产和畜禽养殖的影响。研究结果可为太湖流域丘陵区水源地保护和管理提供参考。     

Distribution of Selected Soil and Water Conservation Practices in the U.S. as Identified with Google Earth

The proper representation of conservation practices on agricultural lands is an important factor in large‐scale assessments of water quality in the United States. Unfortunately, there are few publicly available data sources at the local level and even fewer at the national scale. In this research, randomly selected points within agricultural lands were examined for selected conservation practices using Google Earth aerial imagery by a team of interpreters. In total, 13,530 points had field boundaries digitized, and were subsequently examined and classified. The presence of terraces, grassed waterways, contour farming, center pivot irrigation, strip cropping, ponds, riparian vegetation, filter strips, and land cover were noted. Subjectivity among interpreters was evaluated using duplicate samples and was found to be similar to image misclassification rates in other research. Conservation practice adoption rates for selected major river basins compared favorably with data collected by the Conservation Effects Assessment Project. The frequency of occurrence of each conservation practice was summarized and presented by ecoregion. To facilitate future research, point level data and software source code developed in this research are available via the web at http://nlet.brc.tamus.edu/Conservation . Aerial imagery was found to be a powerful, inexpensive, and easily accessible tool to assess large‐scale conservation practice implementation for certain conservation practices.     

Managing water services in tropical regions: From land cover proxies to hydrologic fluxes

Watershed investment programs frequently use land cover as a proxy for water-based ecosystem services, an approach based on assumed relationships between land cover and hydrologic outcomes. Water flows are rarely quantified, and unanticipated results are common, suggesting land cover alone is not a reliable proxy for water services. We argue that managing key hydrologic fluxes at the site of intervention is more effective than promoting particular land-cover types. Moving beyond land cover proxies to a focus on hydrologic fluxes requires that programs (1) identify the specific water service of interest and associated hydrologic flux; (2) account for structural and ecological characteristics of the relevant land cover; and, (3) determine key mediators of the target hydrologic flux. Using examples from the tropics, we illustrate how this conceptual framework can clarify interventions with a higher probability of delivering desired water services than with land cover as a proxy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0578-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Weighting Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pixel Pollutant Loads to Represent Runoff and Buffering Likelihoods

Watershed models often estimate annual nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) pollutant loads in rural areas with export coefficient (EC) (kg/ha/yr) values based on land cover, and in urban areas as the product of spatially uniform event mean concentration (EMC) (mg/L) values and runoff volume. Actual N and P nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loading has more spatial complexity due to watershed variation in runoff likelihood and buffering likelihood along surface and subsurface pathways, which can be represented in a contributing area dispersal area (CADA) NPS model. This research develops a CADA NPS model to simulate how watershed properties of elevation, land cover, and soils upslope and downslope of each watershed pixel influence nutrient loading. The model uses both surface and subsurface runoff indices (RI), and surface and subsurface buffer indices (BI), to quantify the runoff and buffering likelihood for each watershed pixel, and generate maps of weighted EC and EMC values that identify NPS pollutant loading hotspots. The research illustrates how CADA NPS model maps and pixel loading values are sensitive to the spatial resolution and accuracy of elevation and land cover data, and model predictions can represent the lower and upper bounds of NPS loading. The model provides managers with a tool to rapidly visualize, rank, and investigate likely areas of high nutrient export.